Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction caused by exposure to an allergen. It can occur within minutes or seconds and can become worse quickly. It is mostly caused by food. Data says nearly one in 50 Americans have anaphylaxis. However, researchers believe that one in 20 people might have anaphylaxis. Let's dive into detail about the causes, stages, and treatment for anaphylaxis.
What is anaphylaxis?
Our body produces antibodies to defend against foreign substances. In some cases, your body doesn't produce antibodies, so the immune system overreacts and causes allergic reactions to the entire body. This causes anaphylaxis.
What Are the Main Causes of Anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis Causes
As said earlier, food allergies are one of the most common causes of anaphylaxis. Here are a few things that cause severe anaphylaxis-
- Peanuts/tree nuts
- Shellfish
- Wheat
- Milk
- Soy
- Sesame
- Medicine
- Insects bites such as wasp and bee
- Latex, a type of rubber
For some people, even the smell of these foods causes allergic reactions.
What happens during anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs rapidly, causing breathing difficulty, low blood pressure, and shock. Triggers include food, insect stings, medications, and latex. Immediate treatment with epinephrine is crucial, followed by emergency care. Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector and avoiding allergens can help prevent life-threatening complications.
What is anaphylactic shock?
Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening complication of anaphylaxis, marked by a sudden drop in blood pressure and impaired blood flow to vital organs. Triggered by an extreme immune response to allergens, it causes widespread inflammation, airway swelling, and blood vessel dilation, leading to severe breathing difficulty, a weak or rapid pulse, dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness. Without immediate treatment, it can result in organ failure or death. Epinephrine is the primary treatment, quickly stabilizing blood pressure and opening airways. Emergency medical care is crucial, and those at risk should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and have an action plan in place.
Who is at risk for anaphylaxis?
Individuals at risk for anaphylaxis include those with severe allergies to foods like peanuts, shellfish, or dairy, insect stings (e.g., bees, wasps), medications such as penicillin, and latex. People with a history of anaphylaxis are at higher risk of recurrence. Those with asthma or other allergic conditions may also be more susceptible. Certain individuals may experience exercise-induced anaphylaxis, triggered by physical activity, sometimes in combination with specific foods. Anyone with a known severe allergy should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and have an emergency action plan. Awareness, avoidance of triggers, and preparedness are essential in preventing life-threatening reactions.
Anaphylaxis Symptoms
Anaphylaxis symptoms usually occur within a minute of exposure to allergens. It occurs half an hour after exposure to allergens. Allergic reactions usually start in the eyes or face. After a few minutes, it might cause the following-
- Swelling
- Difficulty breathing
- Low blood pressure
- Dizziness
- Nausea/vomiting/ Diarrhea
- Wheezing
- Fast heartbeat
- Anxiety
Types of Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is classified into four types based on its symptoms and reactions.
Uniphase Reaction -This is the most common type of anaphylaxis. Its symptoms peak 30 minutes after exposure to an allergen.
Biphasic Reaction happens after the recurrence of anaphylaxis mostly happens 1-72 hours after the attack.
Protracted Reaction can last for more than hours, even days, without resolving completely. The protracted reaction is uncommon and is difficult to treat.
Stages of Anaphylaxis
There are no particular stages of anaphylaxis. But if you face difficulty breathing and swallowing, wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath, consult your doctor immediately. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction that needs immediate medical attention.
Treatment of Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis treatment includes the following-
- Your physician might prescribe epinephrine (adrenaline).
- An oxygen mask to help to breathe
- Beta-Agonist
You might also be asked to be under observation to monitor your treatment and to notice if there are any further reactions.
Prevention
Here are a few tips to prevent anaphylaxis
- Avoid allergens that can be avoided ex. Food.
- Take allergy shots as it lowers the risk of anaphylaxis
- Read food labels before buying or eating
- Apply insect repellent that contains 20 to 30 percent DEET.
- Inform your physician if you have an allergy.
Takeaway
Anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock are critical, life-threatening emergencies that demand immediate attention. If someone suddenly experiences difficulty breathing, throat tightness, or appears to be choking, it is essential to consider the possibility of an allergic reaction. Quick action is vital to prevent anaphylactic shock and other severe complications, as timely intervention can save lives. Individuals with known allergies can lead normal, active lives by taking precautions such as carrying an epinephrine auto-injector (like an EpiPen) and creating a well-defined emergency allergy action plan to ensure preparedness in case of exposure to allergens.
